OTHNIEL  CHARLES  MARSH. 


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OTHNIEL  CHARLES  MARSH. 

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[From  The  American  Journal  of  Science,  Fourth  Series,  Vol.  VII, 
pp.  403-428,  June,  1899.] 


OTHNIEL  CHARLES  MAKSH. 


Among  the  leading  men  of  science  in  America,  Professor 
Marsh  was  unquestionably  one  of  the  best  known,  and  had  one 
of  the  strongest  personalities.  The  world-wide  reputation  he 
enjoyed,  however,  is  not  altogether  attributable  to  the  particu- 
lar department  of  research  in  which  he  stood  without  a  peer, 
for,  added  to  his  attainments  in  Yertebrate  Paleontology,  he 
possessed  an  unusual  number  of  mental  qualifications  in  other 
lines,  as  well  as  marked  personal  characteristics  which  made 
him  known  and  felt  where  his  science  could  never  reach.  His 
fame  will  undoubtedly  rest  on  his  work  among  the  Fossil 
Vertebrates.  Nevertheless,  his  energy  and  attainments  in  other 
directions  were  sufficient  to  have  made  for  him  a  permanent 
record. 

The  nearness  of  the  perspective  at  the  present  time  renders 
it  difficult  properly  to  individualize  and  accord  the  true  rank 
to  the  many  important  discoveries  Marsh  has  made.  He 
brought  forth  in  such  rapid  succession  so  many  astonishing 
things  that  the  unexpected  became  the  rule.  The  science  of 
Yertebrate  Paleontology  could  not  assimilate  new  material  so 
fast,  and  it  will  be  years  before  the  true  significance  and  bear- 
ing of  much  that  he  has  done  will  be  understood.  The  con- 
stant stream  of  vertebrate  riches  which,  from  1868  to  1899, 
flowed  into  the  Yale  University  Museum  from  the  Kocky 
Mountain  region  had  a  similar  bewildering  effect  on  Marsh,  for 


4 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


it  was  impossible  for  him  to  do  more  than  seize  on  what 
appealed  to  him  as  the  most  salient.  The  work  of  the  hour 
was  to  him  of  prime  importance,  whether  it  was  for  the  deter- 
mination of  a  new  order  of  mammals  or  a  new  cusp  on  a 
tooth.  Still,  he  seems  to  have  had  a  just  conception  of  relative 
values,  for  it  will  be  found  that  he  plucked  the  most  luscious 
plums  from  the  paleontological  tree,  and  left  chiefly  the  smaller 
or  unripe  and  imperfect  fruit  untouched. 

Another  element  in  his  success  was  seen  in  the  improve- 
ment he  made  in  the  methods  of  collecting,  preserving,  and 
developing  vertebrate  fossils,  so  that  even  forms  long  known 
only  from  fragmentary  remains  were  represented  in  his  collec- 
tions by  almost  complete  specimens,  presenting  nearly  the 
same  degree  of  novelty  shown  in  forms  actually  new. 

In  illustration  of  this,  the  Brontotheridge,  Ceratopsia,  and 
the  Mosasauria  furnish  excellent  examples.  Prout,  in  1846, 
described,  as  Palceotherium,  the  fragment  of  a  lower  jaw  from 
the  Miocene  of  Nebraska,  but  Marsh  first  showed  the  affinities 
and  range  of  forms  in  the  group,  through  his  splendid  restora- 
tion of  Brontops  and  the  description  of  a  number  of  allied 
types  from  nearly  perfect  material.  Cope,  in  1875,  figured 
some  pieces  of  bone  of  unknown  relationships,  which  long 
remained  in  the  paleontological  scrap-basket.*  Marsh,  by  his 
desertions  of  the  marvelous  series  of  genera  and  species 
belonging  to  the  Ceratopsia,  demonstrated  what  these  reptiles 
really  were,  and  gave  to  science  a  nearly  complete  knowledge 
of  one  of  the  most  bizarre  monsters  known.  The  first 
Mosasaur  was  obtained  in  Holland  previous  to  1785.  It 
remained  imperfectly  known  for  nearly  a  century,  when  Marsh, 
by  his  contributions  to  its  anatomy,  made  possible  a  clear 
understanding  of  its  structure  and  affinities.  In  the  same  way 
it  could  be  shown  that  to  many  old  descriptions  of  genera  and 
species  based  upon  single  teeth,  he  was  enabled  to  add  a 
knowledge  of  the  remainder  of  the  animal.  Not  only  did  he 
thus  contribute  the  missing  information  in  regard  to  many 
previously  described  forms,  but  he  brought  out  a  host  of 
entirely  new  types,  and  made  his  science  one  of  the  most  com- 
plete exponents  of  the  doctrine  of  evolution. 

*  Polyonax. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


5 


As  a  collector,  Marsh  was  seen  at  his  best,  and  the  collec- 
tions he  amassed  during  his  forty-five  years  and  more  of 
activity  in  this  direction  form  a  lasting  monument  to  his  per- 
severance and  foresight.  A  person  with  means  and  inclina- 
tion may  be  supposed  to  have  the  necessary  qualities  for 
accomplishing  his  aims,  whether  they  are  first  editions,  auto- 
graphs, or  fossils,  but  had  Marsh  possessed  no  further  qualifi- 
cations than  these,  the  results  of  his  collecting  would  fall  far 
short  of  what  he  really  attained.  He  not  only  had  the  means 
and  the  inclination,  but  entered  every  field  of  acquisition 
with  the  dominating  ambition  to  obtain  everything  there  was 
in  it,  and  leave  not  a  single  scrap  behind.  Every  avenue  of 
approach  was  made  use  of,  and  cost  was  often  a  secondary  con- 
sideration. The  nine-tenths,  when  attained,  were  only  an 
additional  stimulus  for  securing  the  remaining  one-tenth.  Of 
course,  this  ideal  of  completeness  was  often  impossible  of 
accomplishment,  and  yet  it  served  to  bring  to  the  Yale  Uni- 
versity Museum  collections  which  are  unique  from  their  rich- 
ness and  extent. 

In  making  an  estimate  of  his  character,  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  he  developed  wholly  without  the  influence  of 
family  and  home  ties,  which  in  most  men  profoundly  mark 
their  mature  life.  Self-reliance  is  probably  the  strongest  trait 
fostered  by  the  absence  of  immediate  family  connections. 
This,  Marsh  possessed  to  an  extraordinary  degree,  and  it  natu- 
rally led  to  a  self-centering  of  his  life  and  ambitions.  Out  of 
it  came,  also,  an  absence  of  the  complete  exchange  of  confi- 
dence which  normally  exists  between  intimate  friends.  Even 
where  perfect  confidence  existed,  he  seldom  revealed  more 
about  any  particular  matter  than  seemed  to  him  necessary  or 
than  the  circumstances  really  demanded.  As  a  friend,  he  was 
kind,  loyal,  and  generous.  As  a  patron  of  science,  he  has 
seldom  been  equaled.  Honest  work  in  any  department 
appealed  to  him  strongly,  and  he  was  ever  ready  with  aid  and 
counsel,  even  at  the  expense  of  a  personal  sacrifice.  His  dis 
position  was  a  most  happy  one,  and  he  was  always  keenly 
appreciative  of  the  humorous  and  ludicrous  and  fond  of  relat- 
ing amusing  experiences  and  anecdotes.    The  sunny  side  of  his 


6 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


character  was  nearly  always  uppermost,  and  the  consideration 
of  subjects  of  the  greatest  gravity  was  enlivened  by  constant 
sparkles  of  wit  from  his  exhaustless  store. 

He  was  normally  restive  under  restraint,  and  met  all  opposi- 
tion with  power  and  fearlessness.  Having  practically  created 
the  modern  science  of  Vertebrate  Paleontology  in  America,  he 
resented  any  encroachment  upon  the  particular  fields  of  research 
in  which  he  was  engaged.  This  attitude  frequently  devel- 
oped feelings  of  hostility  in  other  investigators,  and  often 
alienated  him  from  co-workers  in  his  department  of  science. 
Nevertheless,  he  labored  faithfully  for  the  truth  as  revealed  in 
his  work,  and  was  ready  to  change  opinions  and  published 
statements  whenever  facts  seemed  to  warrant  it. 

His  esthetic  sense  was  highly  developed,  and  could  be  seen 
in  the  artistic  care  he  bestowed  upon  his  publications,  but  more 
especially  on  his  home.  His  grounds  are  a  model  of  landscape 
gardening.  He  delighted  in  his  collections  of  modern  paint- 
ings, the  cultivation  of  orchids,  and  above  all  in  the  subtleties 
of  Japanese  art. 

The  world  was  not  slow  to  recognize  his  contributions  to 
knowledge,  for  during  his  lifetime  he  received  a  large  number 
of  tangible  evidences  of  distinguished  consideration  in  the  way 
of  academic  and  scientific  honors,  medals,  and  membership  in 
learned  societies. 

In  1886,  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from 
Harvard  University,  and  in  the  same  year  the  honorary  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  from  the  University  of  Heidelberg. 
He  occupied  the  chair  of  Paleontology  in  Yale  University  from 
1866  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  Yertebrate  Paleontolo- 
gist to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  Honorary 
Curator  of  Yertebrate  Paleontology  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum. 

He  was  President  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  in  1878,  and  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  from  1883  to  1895.  As  a  presiding 
officer  in  the  National  Academy,  he  exercised  the  same  amount 
of  care  that  he  bestowed  upon  his  private  affairs,  and  was  an 
active  and  efficient  leader. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


7 


In  1877,  lie  was  the  recipient  of  the  first  Bigsby  Medal 
awarded  by  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  in  recognition 
of  his  important  labors  on  the  Vertebrate  Paleontology  of  the 
western  territories  of  the  United  States.  In  1898,  the  highly 
valued  Cuvier  Prize  was  given  him  by  the  French  Academy, 
as  one  of  the  most  able  continnators  of  the  science  of  which 
Cuvier  had  laid  the  foundations. 

Prominent  among  the  various  societies  of  which  he  was  a 
member  may  be  mentioned  : 

The  National  Academy  of  Sciences ;  Institute  of  France ; 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Brussels ;  Royal  Bavarian 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Munich ;  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Bologna ;  Royal  Danish  Academy  of  Sciences,  Copenhagen  ; 
Royal  Irish  Academy ;  Geological  Society  of  London ;  Geo- 
logical Society  of  Germany  ;  American  Philosophical  Society  ; 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia ;  Zoological 
Society  of  London ;  Societe  Imperiale  des  Natnralistes,  Mos- 
cow ;  Geological  Society  of  America,  etc.,  etc. 

Few  men  have  contributed  more  to  The  American  Journal 
of  Science  than  Professor  Marsh.  Nearly  all  his  discoveries 
in  science  were  first  announced  here,  and  it  is  the  storehouse 
of  most  of  his  best  work. 

The  subject  of  the  present  sketch  was  born  near  Lockport, 
New  York,  October  29,  1831.  His  parents  were  Caleb  and 
Mary  Peabody  Marsh,  formerly  of  Danvers  (now  Peabody), 
Massachusetts.  His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the 
schools  of  Lockport  and  at  the  Wilson  Collegiate  Institute, 
Wilson,  New  York.  A  residence  in  a  region  rich  in  minerals 
and  fossils  is  apt  to  attract  the  attention  of  a  youth  possessing 
healthy  intelligence,  and  young  Marsh  soon  shared  his  vacation 
time  between  the  normal  pursuits  of  shooting  and  fishing  and 
the  more  unusual  vocation  of  collecting  minerals  and  fossils. 
By  the  time  he  was  nineteen  years  old,  he  had  thus  acquired 
the  taste  for  scientific  subjects  which  was  destined  to  grow  and 
dominate  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

In  1S51,  he  entered  Phillips  Academy  at  Andover,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  continued  his  studies  there  until  graduation  in 


8 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


1856.  He  immediately  entered  the  freshman  class  in  Yale 
College,  pursuing  the  regular  classical  course,  and  receiving 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1860.  Graduate  courses  in  the  natural 
sciences  were  continued  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  during 
the  two  years  following  (1861-62).  The  long  summer  vacations 
from  1851  to  1862  were  occupied  in  collecting  minerals  and 
fossils  from  New  York,  New  England,  and  Nova  Scotia.  To 
the  latter  region  he  made  five  trips  during  this  interval,  and 
obtained  much  valuable  experience  and  scientific  material. 
On  his  second  visit  (1855)  he  found  some  fossil  vertebrae  in 
the  Coal  Measures  at  South  Joggins,  representing  a  new  and 
important  vertebrate  animal  (Eosaurus).  This  discovery 
finally  directed  his  studies  into  the  channel  which  became  his 
life-work.  At  this  time,  however,  his  interests  were  about 
equally  divided  between  invertebrate  paleontology  and  miner- 
alogy, and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  his  first  scientific  paper 
was  published  in  this  Jouknal  in  1861,  under  the  title  "  The 
Gold  of  Nova  Scotia." 

The  description  of  Eosaurus  did  not  appear  until  1862, 
seven  years  after  its  discovery.  Even  then  it  cannot  be  said 
that  he  had  developed  a  strong  liking  for  vertebrate  paleon- 
tology. This  closes  the  account  of  his  student  life  in  American 
schools. 

The  next  three  years  were  passed  in  study  abroad,  in  the 
universities  of  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and  Breslau.  He  attended 
lectures  and  took  special  courses  with  H.  Rose,  G.  Rose, 
Ehrenberg,  Peters,  Roemer,  Grube,  and  Gceppert.  The  vaca- 
tions were  occupied,  as  before,  by  geological  excursions.  He 
visited  the  most  important  localities  in  Europe,  and  obtained 
extensive  collections.  His  official  connection  with  Yale  Col- 
lege began  by  his  appointment,  in  1866,  to  the  chair  of 
Professor  of  Paleontology.  This  title  he  held  in  high  esteem, 
as  it  was  the  first  established  either  in  this  country  or  else- 
where. 

After  attending  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  at  Chicago,  in  1868,  Marsh 
went  as  far  west  as  Nebraska  and  Wyoming,  along  the  route 
of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  then  just  opened.  This  trip 
gave  him  a  foretaste  of  the  inexhaustible  fossil  riches  of  the 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


9 


Rocky  Mountain  regions,  and  thenceforth  his  energies  were 
mainly  devoted  to  their  exploration.  Scientific  expeditions  to 
the  western  country  were  undertakings  of  considerable  magni- 
tude in  those  early  days.  There  was  but  one  railroad  in  the 
United  States  across  a  region  measuring  fifteen  hundred  miles 
square.  White  settlements  were  sparse  and  remote.  Most  of 
the  country  was  unmapped,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
transcontinental  trails,  almost  the  whole  western  half  of  the 
continent,  save  the  regions  bordering  the  Pacific,  was  a 
boundless  expanse  of  unknown  arid  plains,  mountains,  and 
valleys.  Added  to  these  conditions  were  the  indigenous  tribes 
of  war-loving  Indians,  hostile  to  the  whites.  Under  such  cir- 
cumstances, travel  was  slow,  difficult,  and  dangerous.  It  was 
necessary  to  have  an  escort  of  soldiers  and  guides,  experienced 
in  western  life  and  Indian  warfare. 

The  first  Yale  Scientific  Expedition  was  organized  and  engi- 
neered by  Marsh  in  1870.  The  party  consisted  of  thirteen 
persons  besides  the  officers  and  men  of  the  military  detach- 
ments who  escorted  them  from  various  military  posts  along 
the  route.*  They  explored  the  Pliocene  deposits  of  Nebraska 
and  the  Miocene  of  northern  Colorado,  then  crossing  into 
Wyoming  they  made  collections  in  the  Eocene  (Bridger  Basin), 
and  passing  south  discovered  a  new  Eocene  basin  in  Utah 
(Uinta  Basin).  At  each  of  these  places  many  important  finds 
were  made.  The  party  next  visited  California,  where  minor 
collections  were  obtained  from  the  Pliocene.    Returning,  they 

*  Members  of  the  Yale  party  were  0.  C.  Marsh,  C.  T.  Ballard,  C.  W.  Betts, 
A.  H.  Ewing,  G.  B.  Grinnell,  J.  W.  Griswold,  J.  R.  Nicholson,  C.  McC.  Reeve, 
J.  M.  Russell,  H.  B.  Sargent,  J.  W.  Wadsworth,  E.  Whitney,  Jr.,  and  H.  D. 
Ziegler.    The  escorts  consisted  of: — 

From  Fort  McPherson,  Nebraska. — Commanding  officer,  Gen.  Eugene  A.  Carr. 
Lieuts.  Bernard  Reilly,  Jr.,  and  Earl  D.  Thomas,  in  command  of  escort,  5th  Cav- 
alry; Buffalo  Bill  and  Major  Frank  North,  guides;  and  two  Pawnee  Indian 
scouts  ("Lahurasoc"  and  "  Tuckatelous  "). 

From  Fort  D.  A.  Russell,  Wyoming. — Commanding  officer,  Gen.  John  H.  King. 
Capt.  Robert  H.  Montgomery  and  Lieut.  James  McB.  Stembel,  in  command  of 
escort,  5th  Cavalry. 

From  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming. — Commanding  officer,  Major  R.  S.  LaMotte. 
Lieut.  W.  N.  Wann,  in  command  of  escort,  13th  Infantry;  Mexican  guide  ("Joe 
Talemans  "). 

From  Fort  Wallace,  Kansas.— Commanding  officer,  Gen.  Henry  C.  Bankhead. 
Ed.  Lane,  guide ;  Lieut.  Charles  Braden,  in  command  of  rescue  troop. 


10 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


spent  some  time  exploring  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  western 
Kansas,  so  rich  in  the  remains  of  aquatic  reptiles,  and  now 
famous  for  having  furnished  the  first  toothed  birds  and  Ameri- 
can toothless  flying  reptiles. 

The  second,  third,  and  fourth  Yale  Scientific  Expeditions 
(1871,  1872,  1873)  were  modeled  after  the  first.  New  regions 
in  the  West  were  visited,  and  extensive  series  of  remains  of 
extinct  animals  were  obtained.  Coincident  with  these  discov- 
eries, Marsh  published  frequent  scientific  papers  describing  and 
illustrating  the  more  important  forms,  and  paleontological 
literature  was  enriched  by  the  addition  of  more  startling  and 
wonderful  types  of  animal  life  than  had  been  hitherto  known 
from  the  rest  of  the  world. 

Owing  to  Indian  outbreaks  and  a  general  uneasiness  in  the 
West,  no  regular  expedition  was  organized  in  1875.  Late  in 
the  fall,  however,  Marsh  went  to  the  Bad  Lands  of  Nebraska 
and  Dakota  accompanied  by  an  escort  from  Fort  Laramie  to 
the  Ked  Cloud  Agency.  The  consent  of  the  Indians  was 
deemed  necessary  to  search  for  fossil  bones  in  their  country. 
A  treaty  was  obtained  with  difficulty  and  then  assistance  was 
withheld.  Nevertheless,  with  great  hardship  owing  to  extreme 
cold,  the  party  succeeded  in  reaching  the  desired  region,  and 
made  important  discoveries,  among  which  numerous  remains 
of  the  gigantic  Brontotheridse  are  the  most  noteworthy. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  he  became  aware  of  the  frauds  prac- 
ticed upon  the  Indians  by  the  agents  of  the  Government,  and 
the  way  the  Government  was  in  turn  defrauded  through  their 
misrepresentations.  He  promised  Red  Cloud  to  bring  the 
matter  before  the  President  for  redress.  This  was  done  with 
signal  success,  resulting  in  the  complete  routing  of  the  Indian 
Ring,  and  the  downfall  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  as 
well  as  in  his  political  death. 

The  rapid  settlement  and  development  of  the  West  rendered 
it  no  longer  necessary  to  fit  out  expensive  expeditions,  espe- 
cially as  many  of  the  localities  were  easily  accessible  by  rail- 
road. Therefore,  after  1876,  local  collectors  and  small  parties 
were  employed  in  continuing  the  work  of  collecting  fossils  so 
successfully  begun  by  the  Yale  Scientific  Expeditions.  Nearly 
every  season,  however,  Marsh  visited  the  localities  where  work 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


11 


was  being  carried  on,  and  some  time  each  year  was  spent  in 
reconnaissance  for  new  fields  of  labor. 

The  right  wing  of  the  Peabody  Museum  was  completed  in 
1875,  the  means  having  been  furnished  by  Mr.  George 
Peabody  largely  through  the  influence  of  his  nephew,  Profes- 
sor Marsh.  It  was  to  his  uncle,  also,  that  Marsh  was  indebted 
for  his  educational  advantages  and  for  his  private  fortune. 
The  old  Yale  Cabinet  had  long  been  outgrown.  The  rooms 
became  so  crowded  that  for  years  there  was  only  space  for  a 
chalk  line  dividing  the  different  departments.  The  collections 
which  had  been  accumulating  during  so  many  previous  years 
found  a  commodious  home  in  the  new  museum,  and  work 
was  resumed  with  great  activity  under  more  favorable  condi- 
tions than  heretofore.  Huxley's  visit  in  the  following  year 
was  a  further  stimulus  to  higher  work,  as  is  clearly  evinced 
in  the  celebrated  Nashville  address  mentioned  elsewhere. 

The  National  Government  had  not  altogether  neglected  its 
opportunities  for  scientific  research  in  the  West  during  this 
period,  though  the  results  in  the  way  of  substantial  collections 
were  far  inferior  to  those  Marsh  had  obtained.  For  some  time 
previous  to  1878,  there  were  four  separate  surveys,  two  under 
the  Engineer  Department  of  the  Army  and  two  others,  exten- 
sions of  private  expeditions,  under  the  Department  of  the 
Interior.  In  the  reorganization  ordered  by  Congress  in  1878, 
Marsh,  as  acting  President  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, was  the  chief  instrument  in  effecting  a  consolidation  and 
in  defining  the  relations  of  the  present  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey  with  the  general  Government  and  with  the  United 
States  National  Museum.  The  wisdom  of  this  change  was  at 
once  apparent,  and  the  Survey  is  now  often  considered  one  of 
the  most  economical,  best  managed,  and  productive  depart- 
ments of  the  Government. 

After  repeated  solicitation  and  with  promises  of  material  aid 
in  the  way  of  publication  and  collections,  Marsh,  in  1882, 
accepted  the  appointment  of  Vertebrate  Paleontologist  to  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey.  This  position  he  held  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  although  the  field  work  for  the  survey  was 
terminated  in  1892.  His  connection  with  the  Survey  gave  him 
increased  facilities  for  publication  and  for  prosecuting  explora- 


12 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


tions  in  the  West.  He  successively  projected  the  publication 
of  a  number  of  large  monographs  on  various  groups  of  verte- 
brate fossils.  It  is  a  great  misfortune  that  but  two  of  these 
were  ever  finished  by  the  author.  The  monograph  of  the 
Odontornithes  appeared  in  1880,  and  that  of  the  Dinocerata  in 
1885.  The  others  were  left  in  various  stages  of  incomplete- 
ness at  the  time  of  his  death.  The  proposed  volumes  treated 
of  the  Sauropoda,  the  Brontotheridae,  the  Stegosauria,  Thero- 
poda,  Ornithopoda,  Mesozoic  Mammals,  and  the  Ceratopsia. 
Most  of  the  investigations  had  been  completed,  a  large  part  of 
the  plates  and  figures  engraved,  and  preliminary  descriptions 
published,  but  the  philosophical  and  phylogenetic  problems  are 
largely  untouched.  The  loss  to  science  is  greatest  in  the  vol- 
umes relating  to  Reptiles,  especially  the  Dinosauria,  for  in 
this  subject  Marsh  stood  as  the  sole  possessor  of  an  acute 
and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  one  of  the  most  wonderful 
and  difficult  groups  of  vertebrates  known.  He  planned  his 
life-work  on  the  basis  that  immortality  is  here  and  not  in  the 
hereafter.  It  seemed  difficult  for  him  to  realize  the  limita- 
tions of  human  existence  and  worldly  accomplishment. 

In  the  closing  years  of  his  life  he  had  two  ruling  ambitions, — 
first,  to  see  the  main  building  of  the  Museum  erected,  and, 
second,  the  completion  of  his  monographs.  The  accomplish- 
ment of  the  first  is  imperative  and  would  permit  of  the  proper 
care  and  display  of  the  priceless  treasures  he  has  accumulated. 
The  attainment  of  the  second  would  cancel  his  obligations  to 
science.    Xeither  was  realized. 

As  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  and  as 
Curator  of  the  Geological  Collections,  Marsh  performed  his 
chief  duties  in  connection  with  Yale  University.  The  final 
transfer  to  the  University,  of  all  the  collections  he  had  accumu- 
lated, was  made  January  1st,  1898,  and  soon  after  the  gift  was 
accepted  by  the  Corporation.  These  collections  are  so  exten- 
sive as  to  merit  particular  attention,  especially  since  they  rep- 
resent the  most  valuable  part  of  the  work  of  a  lifetime,  and 
form  the  chief  monument  of  one  of  Yale's  most  noted  men. 
As  expressed  in  the  deed  of  gift,  the  collections  comprise : 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


13 


1.  The  Collection  of  Vertebrate  Fossils.  This  is  the  most 
important  and  valuable  of  all.  It  is  very  extensive  and  contains 
a  large  number  of  type  specimens,  many  of  them  unique, 
and  is  widely  known  from  the  descriptions  already  published. 
In  extinct  Mammals,  Birds,  and  Beptile?,  of  North  America, 
this  series  stands  preeminent.  The  collection  was  pronounced 
by  Huxley,  who  examined  it  with  care  in  1876,  to  be  surpassed 
by  no  other  in  the  world  ;  and  Darwin,  in  1878,  expressed  a 
strong  desire  to  visit  America  for  the  sole  purpose  of  seeing 
it.  Since  then  it  has  been  more  than  doubled  in  size  and 
value,  and  still  holds  first  rank.  The  bulk  of  this  collection 
was  secured  in  western  explorations,  which  were  extended  over 
a  period  of  nearly  thirty  years. 

2.  The  Collection  of  Fossil  Footprints.  These  specimens 
are  mainly  from  the  Connecticut  Yalley,  and  thus  have  a 
special  local  interest. 

3.  The  Collection  of  Invertebrate  Fossils.  This  includes  a 
large  amount  of  interesting  material  from  many  formations 
and  localities,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  Among  the 
series  of  specimens  especially  valuable  may  be  mentioned 
several  thousand  from  the  famous  Mazon  Creek  locality  in  Illi- 
nois ;  a  very  extensive  collection  of  Crinoids  from  Crawfords- 
ville,  in  Indiana;  the  largest  collection  of  nearly  entire  Trilo- 
bites  yet  discovered ;  and  one  of  the  rarest  series  of  Silurian 
Sponges  known,  including  important  type  specimens. 

If,.  The  Collection  of  Hecent  Osteology.  This  is  believed  to 
be  one  of  the  most  complete  collections  in  this  country  for  pur- 
poses of  study.  Special  efforts  have  been  made  for  many  years 
to  secure  the  skeletons  of  rare  existing  vertebrates  from  every 
part  of  the  world,  particularly  of  Mammals,"  Birds,  and  Rep- 
tiles.   The  collection  is  especially  rich  in  Anthropoid  Apes. 

5.  The  Collection  of  American  Archeology  and  Ethnology. 
This  collection  is  replete  in  Central  American  antiquities,  com- 
prising several  thousand,  many  of  them  unique.  Among  others 
is  the  famous  deZeltner  collection  from  the  same  region,  con- 
taining a  number  of  gold  ornaments.  The  specimens  from 
Mexico  are  also  of  great  interest,  and  the  series  is  a  repre- 
sentative one.    It  includes  the  well-known  Skilton  collection. 

6.  The  Collection  of  Minerals.  This  is  a  limited  collection, 
but  contains  many  valuable  specimens,  among  them  probably 


14 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


the  most  interesting  series  known  of  Nova-Scotian  Zeolites. 
These  were  mainly  collected  by  Marsh,  before  he  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale,  during  six  expeditions  to  Nova  Scotia. 

Besides  the  six  main  collections  named,  there  are  several 
others  of  less  value,  which  include  fossil  plants,  casts  of  fossils, 
geological  specimens,  and  recent  zoological  material. 

To  these  should  be  added  the  results  of  his  last  work  in 
endeavoring  to  increase  the  scope  of  the  material  in  the  Pea- 
body  Museum.  For  many  years  it  was  his  desire  to  secure  a 
collection  of  fossil  Cycads,  and  when  the  opportunity  offered, 
he  embraced  it  with  characteristic  vigor,  so  that  within  the 
last  year  and  a  half  the  Museum  has  received  an  amount  of 
material  which  in  importance  and  quantity  is  second  to  none. 

From  their  extensive  and  varied  nature,  these  collections  thus 
presented  to  the  University  will  long  afford  abundant  material 
for  original  investigations,  and  will  ever  attract  to  New  Haven 
specialists  in  Paleontology  and  Archeology. 

Professor  Marsh's  life  was  remarkably  free  from  the  petty 
annoyances  of  poor  health  which  so  often  interfere  with  human 
comfort  and  ambitions.  In  the  midst  of  his  scientific  work 
and  while  making  plans  for  the  growth  of  the  Museum,  he 
was  suddenly  overtaken  by  the  malady  which  resulted  in  his 
death.  He  died  of  pneumonia,  on  March  18th,  1899,  in  his 
sixty-eighth  year,  after  an  illness  of  about  a  week.  His  work 
as  an  investigator  in  natural  science,  his  wonderful  scientific 
collections,  and  his  munificence  to  Yale,  are  his  legacies  to 
the  higher  education  of  mankind. 

Although  Marsh  was  an  ardent  collector  in  Archeology,  he 
published  very  little  on  this  subject,  and  his  paper  (1866)  on 
an  Ancient  Sepulchral  Mound  near  Newark,  Ohio,  is  practi- 
cally the  only  one.  His  three  mineralogical  papers,  published 
between  1861  and  1867,  show  the  results  of  considerable  labor 
and  careful  investigation.  They  treat  of  the  Gold  of  Nova 
Scotia,  a  Zeolite  mineral  from  the  same  region,  and  a  catalogue 
of  the  mineral  localities  of  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada. 

In  the  field  of  Invertebrate  Paleontology,  he  likewise  was  an 
indefatigable  accumulator  of  material,  though  after  1869  he 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


15 


published  nothing  in  this  department.  Two  papers  presented 
some  Annelids  considered  as  new,  from  the  Jurassic  of  Ger- 
many. Another  showed  the  origin  of  the  double  lobe-lines  in 
Ceratites.  His  papers  on  American  invertebrates  comprised  a 
description  of  a  new  genus  of  Fossil  Sponge  ( Brachiosjpongia J, 
a  new  form  of  Crustacean  Trail  from  the  Potsdam  Sandstone, 
and  a  note  on  color  markings  in  Endoceras.  He  also  showed 
that  Palmotrochis  and  Lignilites  were  not  of  organic  origin, 
though  the  contrary  had  been  previously  supposed. 

In  the  domain  of  Geology,  his  chief  interests  lay  in  the 
formations  from  which  he  secured  important  series  of  fossil 
vertebrates.  Probably  his  greatest  geological  discovery  was 
the  Uinta  Basin,  an  Eocene  deposit  of  the  eastern  Uinta 
Mountains.  It  was  first  visited  in  1870.  Having  studied  most 
of  the  Tertiary  lake  basins  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  he 
gave,  in  1875,  a  synopsis  of  their  geological  features.  As  a 
natural  result  of  studying  Geology  in  Germany,  he  was  much 
impressed  with  the  methods  of  marking  the  separate  horizons 
by  means  of  some  characteristic  fossil.  He  believed  the  verte- 
brates were  the  most  sensitive  time-markers,  and  therefore 
endeavored  to  determine  and  limit  geological  horizons  wholly 
by  fossil  vertebrate  remains.  The  inherent  fault  of  this  sys- 
tem is  that  the  vertebrates  are  not  always  the  most  highly 
differentiated  and  specialized  types  in  any  given  fauna,  and  it  is 
these  qualities  alone  that  can  be  safely  employed  in  organic 
chronometry.  This  method  is  usually  of  great  value  in  fresh- 
water deposits  rich  in  vertebrate  remains,  but  it  can  be  seldom 
used  to  advantage  in  marine  sediments  or  in  formations 
containing  a  scanty  vertebrate  fauna.  Thus,  while  the  name 
Equus  Beds  is  very  appropriate  for  a  horizon  in  the  Pliocene, 
on  account  of  the  abundance  of  remains  of  fossil  horses,  the 
same  cannot  be  said  of  the  term  Eosaurus  Beds  as  an  equivalent 
of  the  entire  series  of  the  Coal  Measures,  especially  as  but  two 
vertebrae  of  this  animal  have  ever  been  discovered.  Geolog- 
ical facts  will  be  found  scattered  through  many  of  his  publica- 
tions dealing  j^rincipally  with  fossil  vertebrates.  One  of  the 
latest  problems  to  interest  him  was  the  age  of  the  series  of 
variegated  clays  extending  from  Martha's  Vineyard  south  along 
the  Atlantic  coast  into  Maryland.    His  investigations  led  him 


16  Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 

to  refer  them  to  the  Jurassic,  a  formation  which  had  been  con- 
sidered as  absent  in  eastern  North  America. 

There  yet  remains  for  consideration  the  real  work  of  his 
life, — his  publications  on  the  Fossil  Vertebrates,  and  it  is  at 
once  evident,  from  a  glance  at  the  bibliography,  that  his  chief 
researches  were  upon  the  Reptiles,  Birds,  and  Mammals. 
There  are  three  papers  on  Fossil  Fishes,  containing  notices  of 
several  new  forms,  but  no  real  research  in  this  class  was  ever 
undertaken  by  him.  The  Amphibians  also  claimed  but  little 
attention,  and  his  observations  on  the  metamorphosis  of  the 
recent  Siredon  into  Amblystoma,  and  two  brief  notices  of 
amphibian  footprints  in  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous,  com- 
prise the  whole. 

It  is  with  extreme  hesitation  and  a  sense  of  inadequacy  that 
the  writer  ventures  to  review,  even  in  the  briefest  and  most 
superficial  manner,  the  work  which  undoubtedly  constitutes 
the  literary  essence  of  his  life-work.  Future  investigators 
alone  can  critically  estimate  the  great  mass  of  facts  which 
Marsh  brought  out  and  which  he  wove  into  the  departments 
of  fossil  Reptiles,  Birds,  and  Mammals. 

His  most  comprehensive  work,  and  in  many  ways  the  most 
masterly,  is  the  address  delivered  before  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  Nashville,  in  1877. 
In  this  paper,  entitled  the  "Introduction  and  Succession  of 
Vertebrate  Life  in  America,"  he  traced  the  introduction  of  the 
various  types  of  vertebrate  life  then  known  in  America,  begin- 
ning with  the  lowest  fishes  and  ending  with  man.  The  amount 
of  knowledge  on  the  lower  classes  of  vertebrates,  including  the 
reptiles,  was  then  too  meager  to  enable  him  to  give  more  than 
occasional  hints  as  to  their  phylogeny.  But  his  handling  of 
the  Mammalia  showed  the  clearest  insight  into  the  develop- 
ment and  affinities  of  many  of  the  important  types,  and  marked 
him  as  a  true  philosopher. 

A  glance  at  the  modern  text-books  of  Geology  and  Paleon- 
tology reveals  how  much  America  has  done  for  the  fossil  ver- 
tebrates in  the  three  classes  of  Reptiles,  Birds,  and  Mammals. 
It  will  also  show  that  Marsh  contributed  more  than  any  other 
investigator  toward  the  prominence  now  accorded  to  the 
American  forms. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


17 


His  work  on  the  Reptilia  is  not  equally  divided  among  the 
various  orders,  for  the  Dinosauria  claimed  his  attention  above 
all  others.  To  this  group  he  lent  his  best  efforts,  aud  he  com- 
passed it  so  thoroughly  as  to  be  its  sole  master.  It  seems  only 
necessary  in  this  place  to  notice  the  complete  restorations  he 
made  of  some  of  these  remarkable  animals.  In  this  list  are 
included  Anchisaurus,  Brontosaurus,  Laosaurus,  Cerato- 
saurus,  Camptosaurus,  Stegosaurus,  Triceratops,  and  Clao- 
saurus.  It  must  be  remembered  that  nearly  all  these  animals 
were  of  gigantic  stature,  some  of  them  the  largest  land 
animals  yet  known,  and  also  that  each  restoration  represents  a 
number  of  separate  investigations  on  the  structure  of  the  skull, 
the  limbs,  the  vertebrae,  the  pelvis,  etc.  In  most  cases,  only  by 
this  means  was  it  possible  to  bring  together  gradually,  part  by 
part,  until  the  sum  of  the  knowledge  warranted  a  complete 
representation  of  the  skeleton.  The  material  of  many  of  the 
genera  he  described  is  still  in  these  various  stages  of  progress, 
awaiting  new  additions  of  portions  yet  unknown  in  order  to 
form  a  finished  conception  of  the  entire  animal.  His  exten- 
sive report  on  the  Dinosaurs  of  Xorth  America,  published  in 
1896,  gave  a  synopsis  of  what  he  had  accomplished  up  to  that 
time,  but  as  remarked  elsewhere  their  philosophical  treatment 
he  had  reserved  for  his  final  monographs. 

Probably,  among  the  Reptilia,  next  in  importance  to  his 
work  on  the  Dinosauria  is  that  on  the  Mosasaurs.  In  this  he 
first  announced  the  discovery  of  the  dermal  armor,  the  position 
of  the  quadrate,  the  finding  of  the  stapes,  the  columella,  the 
hyoid,  the  sclerotic  plates,  the  quadrato-parietal  arch,  the  malar 
arch,  the  transverse  bone,  the  pterygoids,  the  pterotic  bone, 
the  sternum,  the  anterior  limbs,  the  posterior  limbs,  the  length 
of  the  neck,  and  details  of  the  pelvic  region.  Thus  he  con- 
tributed a  knowledge  of  some  of  the  most  essential  characters 
of  the  skeleton  in  this  group.  In  other  groups  of  aquatic  rep- 
tiles, he  also  brought  out  new  genera  and  types  of  structure. 
Prominent  among  these  may  be  mentioned  Baptanodon,  a 
toothless  Ichthyosaurian.  Marsh  was  the  first  to  describe  the 
remains  of  fossil  serpents  in  the  western  Tertiary  deposits,  and 
likewise  the  first  to  discover  the  remains  of  flying  reptiles  in 
America.  The  latter  were  of  unusually  large  size  and  remark- 
able for  the  absence  of  teeth. 


18 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


The  acquisition  of  a  unique  specimen  of  Pterodactyl  from 
the  lithographic  slates  of  Bavaria  enabled  him  to  supply  the 
long  sought  information  regarding  the  wing  and  caudal  mem- 
branes. Notices  of  a  number  of  new  species  of  fossil  Croco- 
diles, Lizards,  and  Turtles,  complete  this  survey  of  his  work  on 
the  Reptilia. 

Practically,  most  of  the  present  knowledge  of  extinct  bird- 
life  in  America  is  contained  in  Marsh's  publications,  which 
include  descriptions  of  numerous  species,  ranging  from  the 
Jurassic  to  the  Post-Pliocene.  Unquestionably,  the  one  dis- 
covery which  is  always  foremost  in  men's  minds  in  a  considera- 
tion of  his  work  is  the  determination  of  an  extinct  order  of 
birds  possessed  with  teeth.  The  study  of  the  Dinosaurs  and 
Toothed  Birds  showed  that  one  by  one  characters  considered 
as  avian  were  likewise  present  in  reptiles,  and  that  many  rep- 
tilian characters  were  present  in  these  primitive  birds  ;  so  that 
at  the  end  there  did  not  seem  much  else  besides  feathers  to 
distinguish  them.  Marsh's  investigation  of  fossil  birds  led  to 
the  publication,  in  1880,  of  his  first  monograph,  "Odontor- 
nithes :  a  Monograph  on  the  Extinct  Toothed  Birds  of  North 
America."  In  this  volume,  he  carefully  figured  and  described 
all  the  known  types,  and  presented  complete  restorations  of  the 
two  leading  genera,  Ilesjperomis  and  Ichthyomis.  He  con- 
cluded that  birds  most  nearly  resemble  some  of  the  small 
Dinosaurs  from  the  American  Jurassic,  and  that  both  classes 
originated  at  least  as  far  back  as  the  Trias  or  late  Paleozoic, 
in  some  sauropsid  type. 

A  discovery  which  rivaled  that  of  the  Toothed  Birds, 
although  not  so  wholly  his,  was  the  genealogy  of  the  Horse. 
Huxley  and  Kovalevski  traced  the  equine  branch  through  the 
Pliocene  to  the  Upper  Miocene  in  Europe,  but  the  true  and 
remote  ancestry  remained  unsolved  until  the  American  types 
were  described  by  Marsh.  He  showed  that  a  primitive  and 
diminutive  polydactyl  horse  existed  in  the  Lower  Eocene,  and 
that  from  this  type,  by  gradual  and  progressive  change  through 
successive  horizons  of  the  Eocene,  Miocene  and  Pliocene, 
there  had  been  evolved  all  the  intermediate  stages  leading  to 
the  modern  horse. 

Next  in  importance  and  interest  should  be  noticed  the  series 
of  papers  culminating  in  the  monograph  of  the  Dinocerata, 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


19 


issued  in  1886  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  His 
work  in  other  groups  of  mammals  is  scattered  through  a  large 
number  of  separate  papers,  and  contributions  were  made  to 
every  known  order.  The  Tillodontia  comprise  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  the  types.  Among  others  are  the  first 
remains  of  fossil  Primates,  Cheiroptera,  and  Marsupialia, 
known  from  North  America.  The  Brontotheridae  and 
Coryphodontia  received  considerable  attention.  A  monograph 
had  been  begun  on  the  former,  and  restorations  of  a  typical 
genus  of  each  were  published. 

One  general  conclusion  of  much  significance  was  the  out- 
come of  his  researches  on  the  Mammals.  It  was  that  the 
Tertiary  genera  possessed  very  small  brains.  As  a  single 
example,  Dinoceras  may  be  taken.  This  animal  was  but 
little  inferior  to  the  elephant  in  bulk,  but  its  brain  capacity 
was  not  more  than  one-eighth  that  of  existing  rhinoceroses. 

The  first  Mesozoic  Mammal  in  America  was  described  by 
Emmons,  in  1857,  from  the  Triassic  of  North  Carolina. 
Marsh,  by  his  extensive  discoveries,  was  enabled  to  fill  up  the 
gaps  to  the  Tertiary  with  many  genera  and  species  from  the 
western  Jurassic  and  Cretaceous.  Probably  nine-tenths  of  all 
the  Mesozoic  Mammals  known  in  the  world  were  described  by 
him,  and  while  these  remains  are  of  great  interest,  yet  from 
their  fragmentary  condition  they  are  not  of  the  highest  scien- 
tific value,  because  little  is  known  beyond  the  jaws  and  a  few 
limb  bones. 

In  closing  the  outline  of  the  discoveries  made  by  this  inves- 
tigator, one  cannot  help  being  impressed  with  their  signal 
brilliancy,  their  great  number,  and  especially  by  their  unique 
importance  in  the  field  of  organic  evolution.  Were  all  other 
evidence  lost  or  wanting,  the  law  of  evolution  would  still  have 
a  firm  foundation  in  incontrovertible  fact.  The  study  of 
variation  and  embryology  in  recent  animals  gives  hints  as  to 
the  truth,  but  Paleontology  alone  can  give  the  facts  of  descent. 

Charles  E.  Beechee. 

Tale  University  Museum, 
New  Ha  yen,  Conn.,  May  1st,  1899. 


20 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


BIBLIOGKAPHY. 


1861  The  Gold  of  Nova  Scotia.     This  Journal  (2),  vol.  32,  pp.  395-400. 

1862  On  the  Saurian  Vertebrae  from  Nova  Scotia.    Ibid.,  vol.  33,  p.  278. 
Description  of  the  Remains  of  a  new  Enaliosaurian  (Eosaurus  Acadia- 

nus),  from  the  Coal  Formation  of  Nova  Scotia.  Ibid.,  vol.  34,  pp. 
1-16,  pis.  i-ii. 

1863  Catalogue  of  Mineral  Localities  in  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia, 

and  Newfoundland.    Ibid.,  vol.  35,  pp.  210-218. 
On  the  Science  of  the  International  Exhibition.    Ibid.,  pp.  256-259. 

1864  Notice  of  a  new  Fossil  Annelid  (Helminthodes  antiquus)  from  the 

Lithographic  Slates  of  Solenhofen.    Ibid.,  vol.  38,  p.  415. 

1865  New  genus  of  Jurassic  Annelides  (Ischyr  acanthus).    Zeitschr.  deutsch. 

geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  17,  p.  13,  Berlin. 
Double  Lobe-lines  of  Ceratites  nodosus.    Ibid.,  pp.  267-269. 

1866  Description  of  an  Ancient  Sepulchral  Mound  near  Newark,  Ohio. 

This  Journal  (2),  vol.  42,  pp.  1-11. 

1867  Discovery  of  additional  Mastodon  remains  at  Cohoes,  New  York. 

Ibid.,  vol.  43,  pp.  115-116. 
Notice  of  a  new  Genus  of  fossil  Sponges  from  the  Lower  Silurian. 

Ibid.,  vol.  44,  p.  88. 
Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  Nova  Scotia.    No.  I.  Ledererite 

identical  with  Gmelinite.    Ibid.,  pp.  362-367. 

1868  On  the  Palozotrochis  of  Emmons  from  North  Carolina.    Ibid.,  vol.  45, 

pp.  217-219. 

On  the  Origin  of  the  so-called  Lignilites  or  Epsomites.  Abstract  : 
Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  16,  pp.  135-143. 

On  some  New  Fossil  Sponges  from  the  Lower  Silurian.  Abstract  : 
Ibid.,  p.  301. 

On  certain  Effects  produced  upon  Fossils  by  Weathering.  Abstract  : 
Ibid.,  p.  305. 

Observations  on  the  Metamorphosis  of  Siredon  into  Amblystoma. 

This  Journal  (2),  vol.  46,  pp.  364-374,  1  pi. 
Notice  of  a  new  and  diminutive  Species  of   Fossil  Horse  {Equus 
parvulus),  from  the  Tertiary  of  Nebraska.    Ibid.,  pp.  374~375- 

1869  Notice  of  some  New  Reptilian  Remains  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Brazil. 

Ibid.,  vol.  47,  pp.  390-392. 

Description  of  a  New  and  Gigantic  Fossil  Serpent  (Dinophis  grandis), 
from  the  Tertiary  of  New  Jersey.    Ibid.,  vol.  48,  pp.  397-400. 

Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Protichnites  from  the  Potsdam  Sand- 
stone of  New  York.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  17,  pp. 
322-324. 

On  the  Preservation  of  Color  in  Fossils  from  Palaeozoic  Formations. 

Ibid.,  pp.  325-326. 
On  a  Remarkable  Locality  of  Vertebrate  Remains  in  the  Tertiary  of 

Nebraska.    Abstract  :  Canadian  Naturalist,  vol.  4,  pp.  322-323. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


21 


1869  Notice  of  some  new  Mosasauroid  Reptiles  from  the  Greensand  of 

New  Jersey.     This  Journal  (2),  vol.  48,  pp.  392-397. 
Notice  of  some  New  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  Fishes.    Proc.  Amer. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  18,  pp.  227-230. 

1870  Notice  of  some  Fossil  Birds  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Forma- 

tions of  the  United  States.     This  Journal  (2),  vol.  49,  pp.  205-217. 
Note  on  the  Remains  of  Fossil  Birds.    Ibid.,  p.  272. 
Notice  of  a  new  Species  of  Gavial  from  the  Eocene  of  New  Jersey. 

Ibid.,  vol.  50,  pp.  97-99. 

1871  Note  on  Lophiodon  from  the  Miocene  of  New  Jersey.    Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  23,  pp.  9-10. 

New  Reptiles  and  Fishes  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Forma- 
tions.   Ibid.,  pp.  103-105. 

On  the  Geolog)r  of  the  Eastern  Uintah  Mountains.  This  Journal  (3), 
vol.  1,  pp.  191-198. 

Notice  of  a  Fossil  Forest  in  the  Tertiary  of  California.  Ibid.,  pp. 
266-268. 

Description  of  some  new  Fossil  Serpents  from  the  Tertiary  Deposits 
of  Wyoming.    Ibid.,  pp.  322-329. 

Notice  of  some  New  Fossil  Reptiles  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Terti- 
ary Formations.    Ibid.,  pp.  447-459. 

Note  on  a  new  and  gigantic  Species  of  Pterodactyle.    Ibid.,  p.  472. 

Notice  of  some  new  Fossil  Mammals  from  the  Tertiary  Formation. 
Ibid.,  vol.  2,  pp.  35-44- 

Notice  of  some  new  Fossil  Mammals  and  Birds  from  the  Tertiary 
Formations  of  the  West.    Ibid.,  pp.  120-127. 

1872  Discovery  of  a  remarkable  Fossil  Bird.    Ibid.,  vol.  3,  pp.  56-57. 
Explorations  in  Rocky  Mountains,  Oregon,  etc.    Abstract  :  Proc. 

Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  200. 
Discovery  of  Additional  Remains  of  Pterosauria,  with  descriptions  of 

two  new  Species.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  3,  pp.  241-248. 
Discovery  of  the  Dermal  Scutes  of  Mosasauroid  Reptiles.    Ibid.,  pp. 

290-292. 

Notice  of  a  new  Species  of  Hadrosaurus.    Ibid.,  p.  301. 

Preliminary  Description  of  Hesperornis  regalis,  with  Notices  of  four 

other  new  Species  of  Cretaceous  Birds.    Ibid.,  pp.  360-365. 
On  the  Structure  of  the  Skull  and  Limbs  in  Mosasauroid  Reptiles, 

with  descriptions  of  new  Genera  and  Species.    Ibid.,  pp.  448-464, 

pis.  x-xiii. 

Boulders  in  Coal.    Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  6,  p.  439. 

Preliminary  Description  of  new  Tertiary  Mammals.    Pt.  I.  This 

Journal  (3),  vol.  4,  pp.  122-128. 
Note  on  Rhinosaurus.    Ibid.,  p.  147. 

Preliminary  Descriptions  of  new  Tertiary  Mammals.    Pts.  II,  III, 

and  IV.    Ibid.,  pp.  202-224. 
Notice  of  some  new  Tertiary  and  Post-Tertiary  Birds.    Ibid.,  pp.  256- 

262. 

Preliminary  Description  of  new  Tertiary  Reptiles.  Pts.  I  and  II. 
Ibid.,  pp.  298-309. 


22 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


1872  Note  on  Tinoceras  anceps.    Ibid.,  p.  322. 

Notice  of  a  New  Species  of  Tinoceras.    Ibid.,  p.  323. 
Notice  of  some  Remarkable  Fossil  Mammals.    Ibid.,  pp.  343-344. 
Notice  of  a  New  and  Remarkable  Fossil  Bird.    Ibid.,  p.  344. 
Discovery  of  Fossil  Quadrumana  in  the  Eocene  of  Wyoming.  Ibid., 
pp.  405-406. 

Note  on  a  New  Genus  of  Carnivores  from  the  Tertiary  of  Wyoming. 
Ibid.,  p.  406. 

Notice  of  a  New  Reptile  from  the  Cretaceous.    Ibid.,  p.  406. 

Discovery  of  new  Rocky  Mountain  fossils.  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc, 
vol.  12,  pp.  578-579. 

Synopsis  of  American  Fossil  Birds.  Coues's  "  Key  to  North  Ameri- 
can Birds,"  Salem,  8°,  pp.  347-350. 

1873  Notice  of  a  new  Species  of  Ichthyornis.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  5, 

P-  74- 

On  some  of  Professor  Cope's  Recent  Investigations.  Amer.  Natural- 
ist, vol.  7,  pp.  51-52. 

On  the  Gigantic  Fossil  Mammals  of  the  Order  Dinocerata.  This 
Journal  (3),  vol.  5,  pp.  117-122,  pis.  i-ii. 

On  a  New  Sub-class  of  Fossil  Birds  {Odontornithes).  Ibid.,  pp.  161- 
162. 

Fossil  Birds  from  the  Cretaceous  of  North  America.  Ibid.,  pp.  229- 
230. 

Notes  on  the  Dates  of  some  of  Prof.  Cope's  recent  Papers.  Ibid., 
pp.  235-236. 

The  Fossil  Mammals  of  the  Order  Dinocerata.    Amer.  Naturalist, 

vol.  7,  pp.  146-153,  pis.  i-ii. 
Additional  Observations  on  the  Dinocerata.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  5, 

pp.  293-296. 

Supplementary  Note  on  the  Dinocerata.    Ibid.,  pp.  310-311. 
On  the  Genus  Tinoceras  and  its  Allies.    Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  7,  pp. 
217-218. 

Notice  of  New  Tertiary  Mammals.  This  Journal  (3),  vol.  5,  pp.  407- 
410. 

On  the  Dates  of  Prof.  Cope's  Recent  Publications.    Amer.  Naturalist, 

vol.  7,  pp.  303-306. 
Tinoceras  and  its  Allies.    Ibid.,  pp.  306-308. 

Reply  to  Professor  Cope's  Explanation.    Ibid.,  Appendix,  pp.  i-ix. 
Notice  of  New  Tertiary  Mammals  (continued).     This  Journal  (3),  vol. 
5,  pp.  485-488. 

New  Observations  on  the  Dinocerata.    Ibid.,  vol.  6,  pp.  300-301. 
On  the  Gigantic  Mammals  of  the  American  Eocene.    Proc.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc,  vol.  13,  pp.  255-256. 

1874  On  the  Structure  and  Affinities  of  the  Brontotheridce.     This  Journal 

(3),  vol.  7,  pp.  81-86,  pis.  i-ii. 
Notice  of   New  Equine  Mammals  from   the    Tertiary  Formation. 

Ibid.,  pp.  247-258. 
Fossil  Horses  in  America.    Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  8,  pp.  288-294. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


23 


1874  Notice  of  New  Tertiary  Mammals.    Pt.  III.  This  Journal  (3),  vol.  7, 

PP.  531-534- 

Small  size  of  the  Brain  in  Tertiary  Mammals.    Ibid.,  vol.  8,  pp.  66- 
67. 

1875  Ancient  Lake  Basins  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.    Pt.  I.  Ibid., 

vol.  9,  pp.  49-52. 
Results  of  Rocky  Mountain  Expedition.    Abstract  :  Ibid.,  p.  62. 
New  Order  of  Eocene  Mammals.    Ibid.,  p.  221. 
Notice  of  New  Tertiary  Mammals.    Pt.  IV.    Ibid.,  pp.  239-250. 
A  Statement  of  Affairs  at  Red  Cloud  Agency,  made  to  the  President 

of  the  United  States.    Rept.  Special  Commission  to  investigate  Affairs 

Red  Cloud  Indian  Agency,  pp.  1-113,  Washington. 
Note  on  Reindeer  Bones  from  a  Clay  Pit  near  North  Haven.  This 

Journal  (3),  vol.  10,  pp.  354~355. 
On  the  Odontornithes,  or  Birds  with  Teeth.    Ibid.,  pp.  403-408,  pis. 

ix-x. 

1876  Principal  Characters  of  the  Dinocerata.    Pt.  I.    Ibid.,  vol.  n,  pp.  163- 

168,  pis.  i-vi. 

Principal  Characters  of  the  Tillodontia.    Pt.  I.    Ibid.,  pp.  249-251, 
pis.  viii-ix. 

Principal  Characters  of  the Bronlotherida.  Ibid.,  pp.  335-340,  pis.  i-iv. 
On  some  of  the  Characters  of  the  genus  Coryphodon,  Owen.  Ibid., 

pp.  425-428,  1  pi. 
Notice  of  a  new  Sub-order  of  Pterosauria.    Ibid.,  pp.  507-509. 
Notice  of  new  Odontornithes.    Ibid.,  pp.  509-511. 
Recent  Discoveries  of  Extinct  Animals.    Ibid.,  vol.  12,  pp.  59-61. 
Notice  of  New  Tertiary  Mammals.    Pt.  V.    Ibid.,  pp.  401-404. 
Principal  Characters  of  American  Pterodactyls.    Ibid.,  pp.  479-480. 

1877  Brain  of  Coryphodon.    Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  II,  p.  375. 

Principal  Characters  of  the  CoryphodontidiB.     This  Journal  (3),  vol. 

14,  pp.  81-85,  pi.  iv. 
Characters  of  the  Odontornithes,  with  Notice  of  a  new  allied  Genus. 

Ibid.,  pp.  85-87,  pi.  v. 
Notice  of  a  new  and  Gigantic  Dinosaur.    Ibid.,  pp.  87-88. 
Notice  of  some  new  Vertebrate  fossils.    Ibid.,  pp.  249-256. 
Introduction  and  Succession  of  Vertebrate  Life  in  America.  Nature, 

vol.  16,  pp.  448-450,  470-472,  and  489-491,  London  ;  and  This 
Journal       vol.  14,  pp.  338-378. 
A  New  Order  of  extinct  Reptilia  (Stegosauria),  from  the  Jurassic  of 

the  Rocky  Mountains.    Ibid.,  pp.  513-514. 
Notice  of  New  Dinosaurian  Reptiles  from  the  Jurassic  Formation. 

Ibid.,  pp.  514-516. 

1878  New  Species  of  Ceratodus,  from  the  Jurassic.    Ibid.,  vol.  15,  p.  76. 
Notice  of  New  Dinosaurian  Reptiles.    Ibid.,  pp.  241-244. 

Notice  of  New  Fossil  Reptiles.    Ibid.,  pp.  409-411. 
Fossil  Mammal  from  the  Jurassic  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Ibid., 
P-  459- 

New  Pterodactyl  from  the  Jurassic  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Ibid., 
vol.  16,  pp.  233-234. 


\ 


24 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


1878  Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  I.  Ibid., 

pp.  411-416,  pis.  iv-x. 
Scientific  Museums,    gth  Ann.  Rept.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  pp.  52-54. 

1879  A  new  Order  of  Extinct  Reptiles  (Sauranodonta),  from  the  Jurassic 

Formation  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  This  Journal  (3),  vol.  17, 
pp.  85-86. 

Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  II.  Ibid., 

pp.  86-92,  pis.  iii-x. 
Additional  Characters  of  the  Sauropoda.    Ibid.,  pp.  181-182. 
The  Vertebrae  of  Recent  Birds.    Ibid.,  pp.  266-269. 
Polydactyl  Horses,  Recent  and  Extinct.    Ibid.,  pp.  499-505,  1  pi. 
Notice  of  a  New  Jurassic  Mammal.    Ibid.,  vol.  18,  pp.  60-61. 
Additional  Remains  of  Jurassic  Mammals.    Ibid.,  pp.  215-216. 
History  and  Methods  of  Palaeontological  Discovery.    Nature,  vol.  20, 

pp.  494-499  and  515-521,  London;  and  This  Journal (3),  vol.  18, 

PP.  323-359- 

Notice  of  New  Jurassic  Mammals.    Ibid.,  pp.  396-398. 
Notice  of  New  Jurassic  Reptiles.    Ibid.,  pp.  501-505,  pi.  iii. 
Peabody  Museum.     Yale  Book,  vol.  2,  pp.  178-186. 

1880  New  Characters  of  Mosasauroid  Reptiles.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  19, 

pp.  83-87,  pi.  i. 

The  Limbs  of  Sauranodon,  with  Notice  of  a  new  Species.    Ibid.,  pp. 
169-171. 

Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  III.  Ibid., 

pp.  253-259,  pis.  vi-xi. 
The  Sternum  in  Dinosaurian  Reptiles.    Ibid.,  pp.  395-396,  pi.  xviii. 
Note  on  Sauranodon.    Ibid.,  p.  491. 

Odontornithes :  a  Monograph  on  the  Extinct  Toothed  Birds  of  North 

America.    With  34  plates  and  40  woodcuts.    40,  XV4-201  pp.  U. 

S.  Geol.  Exploration  40th  Parallel,  vol.  7,  Washington  ;  and  Mem. 

Peabody  Mus.  Yale  Coll.,  vol.  I. 
Notice  of  Jurassic  Mammals  representing  two  New  Orders.  This 

Journal  (3),  vol.  20,  pp.  235-239. 

1881  Principal   Characters   of  American   Jurassic   Dinosaurs.    Pt.  IV. 

Spinal  Cord,  Pelvis,  and  Limbs  of  Stegosaurus.    Ibid.,  vol.  21 
pp.  167-170,  pis.  vi-viii. 
A  New  Order  of  Extinct  Jurassic  Reptiles  {Ccelurid).    Ibid.,  pp.  339- 
340,  pi.  x. 

Discovery  of  a  Fossil  Bird  in  the  Jurassic  of  Wyoming.    Ibid.,  pp. 
341-342. 

Note  on  American  Pterodactyls.    Ibid.,  pp.  342-343. 

Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  V.  Ibid., 

pp.  416-423,  pis.  xii-xviii. 
Notice  of  New  Jurassic  Mammals.    Ibid.,  pp.  511-513. 
Restoration  of  Dinoceras  mirabile.    Ibid.,  vol.  22,  pp.  31-32,  pi.  ii. 
Jurassic  Birds  and  their  Allies.    Science,  vol.  2,  pp.  512-513. 

1882  Classification  of  the  Dinosauria.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  23,  pp.  81-86. 
The  Wings  of  Pterodactyles.    Ibid.,  pp.  251-256,  pi.  iii. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


25 


1883  Evolution.    "  Herbert  Spencer  on  the  Americans  and  the  Americans 

on  Herbert  Spencer,"  pp.  45-50. 
Birds  with  Teeth.    3rd  Ann.  Rept.  Director  U.   S.   Geo/.  Surv.,  pp. 
45-S8. 

Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.  Pt.  VI.  Res- 
toration of  Brontosaurus.    This  Journal  (3),  vol.  26,  pp.  81-85,  pi.  i. 

On  the  supposed  Human  Footprints  recently  found  in  Nevada. 
Ibid.,  pp.  139-140. 

1884  Principal   Characters  of  American   Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  VII. 

On  the  Diplodocida,  a  New  Family  of  the  Sauropoda.    Ibid.,  vol. 

27,  pp.  161-167,  pis.  iii-iv. 
Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  VIII. 

The  Order  Theropoda.    Ibid.,  pp.  329-340,  pis.  viii-xiv. 
A  New  Order  of  extinct  Jurassic  Reptiles  (Mace log natka).  Ibid., 

P-  34i. 

Principal  Characters  of  American  Cretaceous  Pterodactyls.    Pt.  I. 

The  Skull  of  Pteranodon.    Ibid.,  pp.  423-426,  pi.  xv. 
On  the  United  Metatarsal  Bones  of  Ceratosaurus.    Ibid.,  vol.  28,  pp. 

161-162. 

On  the  Classification  and  Affinities  of  Dinosaurian  Reptiles.  Nature^ 
vol.  31,  pp.  6S-69. 

1885  The  Gigantic  Mammals  of  the  Order  Dinocerata.    jth  Ann.  Rept. 

Director  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pp.  243-302. 
On  American  Jurassic  Mammals.    Rept.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  18S4, 

pp.  734-736,  London. 
Names  of  Extinct  Reptiles.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  29,  p.  169. 
On  the  Size  of  the  Brain  in  Extinct  Animals.    Abstract :  JYature,  vol. 

32,  p.  562,  London. 

1886  Dinocerata  :  a  Monograph  of  an  Extinct  Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals. 

With  56  plates  and  200  woodcuts.  40,  xviii  +  237  pp.  Monographs 
U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  10,  Washington.  (Author's  edition,  title 
page  dated  1884;  published  1885.) 

1887  American  Jurassic  Mammals.     This  Journal  (2),  vol.  33,  pp.  327-348, 

pis.  vii-x. 

Notice  of  New  Fossil  Mammals.    Ibid.,  vol.  34,  pp.  323-331. 
Principal  Characters  of  American  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Pt.  IX.  The 

Skull  and  Dermal  Armor  of  Stegosaurus.    Ibid.,  pp.  413-417,  pis. 

vi-ix. 

1888  Notice  of  a  New  Genus  of  Sauropoda  and  other  new  Dinosaurs  from 

the  Potomac  Formation.    Ibid.,  vol.  35,  pp.  89-94. 
Notice  of  a  new  Fossil  Sirenian,  from  California.    Ibid.,  pp.  94-96. 
A  New  Family  of  Horned  Dinosauria  from  the  Cretaceous.  Ibid., 

vol.  36,  pp.  447-478,  pi.  xi. 

1889  Restoration  of  Brontops  robustus  from  the  Miocene  of  America. 

Abstract:  Ibid. ,  vol.  37,  pp.  163-165,  pi.  vi. 
A  Comparison  of  the  Principal  Forms  of  Dinosauria  of  Europe  and 

America.    Abstract:  Ibid.,  pp.  323-331. 
Notice  of  new  American  Dinosauria.    Ibid.,  pp.  331-336. 


26 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh. 


1889  Discovery  of  Cretaceous  Mammalia.    Ibid.,  vol.  38,  pp.  81-92,  pis. 

ii-v. 

Notice  of  Gigantic  Horned  Dinosauria  from  the  Cretaceous.  Ibid., 
pp.  173-175- 

Discovery  of  Cretaceous  Mammalia.  Pt.  II.  Ibid.,  pp.  177-180,  pis. 
vii-viii. 

The  Skull  of  the  Gigantic  Ceratopsidcz.  Abstract  :  Ibid.,  pp.  501-506, 
pi.  xii. 

1890  Description  of  New  Dinosaurian  Reptiles.    Ibid.,  vol.  39,  pp.  81-86, 

pi.  i. 

Distinctive  Characters  of  the  order  Hallopoda.    Ibid.,   pp.  415-417. 

Additional  Characters  of  the  Ceratopsidcz,  with  notice  of  new  Creta- 
ceous Dinosaurs.    Ibid.,  pp.  418-426,  pis.  v-vii. 

Notice  of  New  Tertiary  Mammals.    Ibid.,  pp.  523-525. 

Notice  of  some  extinct  Testudinata.  Ibid.,  vol.  40,  pp.  177-179,  pis. 
vii-viii. 

1891  A  Horned  Artiodactyle  {Protoceras  celer)  from  the  Miocene.  Ibid., 

vol.  41,  pp.  81-82. 
On  the  Gigantic  Ceratopsidcz,  or  Horned  Dinosaurs,  of  North  America. 

Ibid.,  pp.  167-178,  pis.  i-x. 
On  the  Cretaceous  Mammals  of  North  America.    Abstract :  Rept. 

Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1890,  pp.  853-854,  London. 
Restoration  of  Triceratops  [and  Brontosaurus\.     This  Journal  (3),  vol. 

41,  pp.  339-342,  pis.  xv-xvi. 
Note  on  Mesozoic  Mammalia.    Amer.  Araluralist,  vol.  25,  pp.  611-616. 
Restoration  of  Stegosaurus.     This  Journal  (3),  vol.  42,  pp.  1 79-181, 

pi.  ix. 

Notice  of  New  Vertebrate  Fossils.    Ibid.,  pp.  265-269. 
Geological  Horizons  as  determined  by  Vertebrate  Fossils.    Ibid.,  pp. 
336-338,  pi.  xii. 

1892  The  Skull  of  Torosatirus.    Ibid.,  vol.  43,  pp.  81-84,  pis-  ii — iii. 
Discovery  of  Cretaceous  Mammalia.    Pt.  III.    Ibid.,  pp.  249-262, 

pis.  v-xi. 

Recent  [and  extinct]  Polydactyle  Horses.    Ibid.,  pp.  339~355- 
A  New  Order  of  Extinct  Eocene  Mammals  {Mesodactyld).    Ibid.,  pp. 
445-449- 

Notice  of  New  Reptiles  from  the  Laramie  Formation.  Ibid.,  pp. 
449-453- 

Notes  on  Triassic  Dinosauria.    Ibid.,  pp.  543-546,  pis.  xv-xvii. 
Notes  on  Mesozoic  Vertebrate  Fossils.    Ibid.,  vol.  44,  pp.  171-176, 
pis.  ii-v. 

Restorations  of  Claosaurus  and  Ceratosaurus .  Ibid.,  pp.  343-349,  pis. 
vi-vii. 

Restoration  of  Mastodon  Americanus ,  Cuvier.    Ibid.,  p.  350,  pi.  viii. 

1893  A  New  Cretaceous  Bird  allied  to  Hesperornis.  Ibid.,  vol.  45,  pp.  81-82. 
The  Skull  and  Brain  of  Claosaurus.    Ibid.,  pp.  83-S6,  pis.  iv-v. 
Restoration  of  Anchisaurus.    Ibid.,  pp.  169-170,  pi.  vi. 
Restorations  of  Anchisaurus,  Ceratosaurus,  and  Claosaurus .    Geol.  Mag. 

(3),  vol.  x,  pp.  151-152,  London. 


Othniel  Charles  Marsh.  27 

1893  Some    Recent    Restorations  of  Dinosaurs.    Nature,    vol.    48,  pp. 

437-438,  London. 

Restoration  of  Coryphodon.  This  Journal  (3),  vol.  46,  pp.  321-326, 
pis.  v-vi. 

Description  of  Miocene  Mammalia.    Ibid.,  pp.  407-412,  pis.  vii-x. 

1894  Restoration  of  Camptosaurus.    Ibid.,  vol.  47,  pp.  245-246,  pi.  vi. 
Restoration  of  Elotherium.    Ibid.,  pp.  407-40S,  pi.  ix. 

A  New  Miocene  Mammal.    Ibid.,  p.  409. 

Footprints  of  Vertebrates  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Kansas.    Ibid.,  vol. 

4S,  pp.  81-84,  pis-  ii-iii-    Erratum.  Geol.  Mag.  (4),  vol.  1,  p.  432. 
The  Typical  Ornithopoda  of  the  American  Jurassic.     This  Journal (3), 

vol.  4S.  pp.  S5-90.  pis.  iv-vii. 
Eastern  Division  of  the  Miohippus  Beds,  with  Notes  on  some  of  the 

Characteristic  Fossils.    Ibid.,  pp.  91-94. 
Miocene  Artiodactyles  from  the  Eastern  Miohippus  Beds.    Ibid.,  pp. 

175-173. 

Description  of  Tertiary  Artiodactyles.    Ibid.,  pp.  259-274. 

A  Gigantic  Bird  from  the  Eocene  of  New  Jersey.    Ibid.,  p.  344. 

A  New  Miocene  Tapir.    Ibid.,  p.  34S. 

1895  On  the  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  Dubois,  from  Java.    Ibid.,  vol.  49,  pp. 

144-147.  pi.  ii. 
Thomas  Henry  Huxley.    Ibid.,  vol.  50,  pp.  177-183. 
The  Reptilia  of  the  Baptanodon  Beds.    Ibid.,  pp.  405-406. 
Restorations  of  some  European  Dinosaurs,  with  Suggestions  as  to 

their  Place  among  the  Reptilia.    Abstract  :    Ibid.,  pp.  407-412, 

pis.  v-viii. 

On  the  Affinities  and  Classification  of  the  Dinosaurian  Reptiles. 
Abstract:  Ibid.,  pp.  483-498,  pi.  x.  Reprinted  with  alterations, 
under  the  title  "Classification  of  Dinosaurs."  Geol.  Mag.  (4), 
vol.  3,  pp.  3S8-400,  London. 

Fossil  Vertebrates.  Johnsons  Universal  Cyclopedia,  newed.,  vol.  8, 
pp.  49I"49S,  1  pi. 

Note  on  Globular  Lightning.    Nature,  vol.  53,  p.  152,  London. 
1896  The  Age  of  the  Wealden.     This  Journal  (4),  vol.  1,  p.  234. 

On  the  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Java.  Abstract  : 
Ibid.,  pp.  475-4S2,  pi.  xiii.  Reprinted  under  the  title  "The 
Apeman  from  the  Tertiary  of  Java."    Science,  vol.  3,  pp.  739-793- 

A  new  Belodont  Reptile  (Stegomus)  from  the  Connecticut  River  Sand- 
stone.    This  Journal  (4),  vol.  2,  pp.  59-62,  pi.  i. 

The  Geology  of  Block  Island.    Ibid.,  pp.  295-298. 

Amphibian  Footprints  from  the  Devonian.    Ibid.,  pp.  3 74—3 7 5 • 

The  Geology  of  Block  Island  (continued).    Ibid.,  pp.  375-377. 

The  Dinosaurs  of  North  America,  ibth  Ann.  Rept,  Director  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.,  Pt.  I,  pp.  133-414,  pis.  ii-lxxxv. 

The  Jurassic  Formation  on  the  Atlantic  Coast.  Abstract  :  This 
Journal  (4),  vol.  2,  pp.  433"447- 

Vertebrate  Fossils  [  of  the  Denver  Basin].  Monographs  U.  S.  Geol. 
Surv.,  vol.  27,  pp.  473-550,  pis.  xxi-xxxi,  Washington. 


2s 


Ot It j del  Charles  Ifarsh. 


1897  The  Stylinodontia,  a  Suborder  of  Eocene  Edentates.    This  Journal 

(4),  vol.  3,  pp.  137-146. 
The  Affinities  of  Hesperornis.    Ibid.,  pp.  347-348. 

Principal  Characters  of  the  Protoceratida.    Ibid.,  vol.  4,  pp.  165-176, 
pis.  ii-viii. 

The  Skull  of  Protoceras.     Geol.  Mag.  (4),  vol.  4,  pp.  433~439,  pi. 
xix,  London. 

Recent  Observations  on  European  Dinosaurs.     This  Jotirnal  (4),  vol. 
4,  pp.  413-416. 

1898  New  Species  of  Ceratopsia.    Ibid.,  vol.  6,  p.  92. 

The  Jurassic  Formation  on  the  Atlantic  Coast. — Supplement.  Ibid., 
pp.  105-115. 

Cycad  Horizons  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.    Ibid.,  p.  197. 

The  Value  of  Type  Specimens  and  Importance  of  their  Preservation. 

Ibid.,  pp.  401-405. 
The  Origin  of  Mammals.    Ibid.,  pp.  406-409. 

The  Comparative  Value  of  Different  Kinds  of  Fossils  in  Determining 

Geological  Age.    Abstract  :    Ibid.,  pp.  483-486. 
On  the  Families  of  Sauropodous  Dinosauria.    Abstract :    Ibid.,  pp. 

487-488. 

1899  Footprints  of  Jurassic  Dinosaurs.    Ibid.,  vol.  7,  pp.  227-232,  pi.  v. 
Note  on  a  Bridger  Eocene  Carnivore.    Ibid.,  p.  397. 


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